Hierapolis Pamukkale

Nestled atop the stunning white travertine terraces of Pamukkale, Hierapolis is an ancient city rich in history, mythology, and breathtaking landscapes. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this Greco-Roman city was once a thriving spa town where people from across the ancient world sought healing in its mineral-rich thermal waters. Today, the ruins of Hierapolis Pamukkale continue to captivate travelers, offering a glimpse into its fascinating past, impressive architecture, and legendary stories.

This article explores the history, location, how to visit, key landmarks, and myths surrounding Hierapolis Pamukkale, providing a detailed guide for history lovers and travelers alike.

History of Hierapolis Pamukkale

Foundation and Early History

The origins of Hierapolis date back to the 2nd century BC, when the King of Pergamon, Eumenes II, founded the city as a spa and religious center in western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). Built on a fault line, Hierapolis was known for its geothermal activity, which provided hot mineral springs believed to have healing properties.

Although originally part of the Kingdom of Pergamon, Hierapolis came under Roman control in 133 BC. The Romans expanded the city, transforming it into a major cultural and religious hub.

Hierapolis in the Roman Period

During the Roman era, Hierapolis became famous for its healing baths and sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo and Pluto (Hades). People suffering from illnesses would travel from far and wide to bathe in its sacred hot springs, hoping for a cure. The city’s elite Roman population, including emperors and philosophers, frequently visited for its luxurious spas.

Some of the most impressive Roman structures in Hierapolis include:

• The Grand Theater of Hierapolis – One of the best-preserved theaters of the Roman world, capable of seating 15,000 spectators.
• The Necropolis – A vast burial ground with elaborate tombs and sarcophagi, reflecting Hierapolis’ role as a city of healing and a final resting place for many.
• The Plutonium – A mysterious religious sanctuary dedicated to Pluto, the god of the underworld.

Christian Influence and Byzantine Period of Hierapolis Pamukkale

In AD 80, Hierapolis became an important city for early Christianity. It is believed that St. Philip, one of Jesus’ twelve apostles, was martyred here. His tomb, the Martyrion of St. Philip, remains one of the city’s most sacred sites.

During the Byzantine era (4th–13th centuries), Hierapolis evolved into a major Christian pilgrimage site, especially during the reign of Emperor Constantine. Churches and Christian monuments were constructed throughout the city, replacing many pagan temples.

By the 14th century, due to earthquakes, invasions, and changing trade routes, Hierapolis was gradually abandoned. Today, its ruins stand as a testament to its glorious past, attracting travelers from all over the world.

Where is Hierapolis Pamukkale?

Hierapolis is located in southwestern Turkey, within Denizli Province. The city sits atop the famous travertine terraces of Pamukkale, offering panoramic views of the surrounding region.

Geographical Features

• Thermal Springs – Hierapolis is built on top of Pamukkale’s hot springs, which maintain a constant temperature of 35°C (95°F).
• Limestone Formations – The white travertine terraces, formed by calcium deposits, create a surreal landscape beneath the ancient city.
• Fertile Valley – The region is surrounded by agricultural fields, olive groves, and rolling hills, contributing to its ancient prosperity.

How to Get to Hierapolis Pamukkale?

How to Get to Hierapolis Pamukkale By Air

The nearest airport to Hierapolis Pamukkale is Denizli Çardak Airport (DNZ), about 70 km away. Domestic flights from Istanbul and Ankara operate frequently. From the airport, you can take a shuttle, taxi, or rental car to reach Pamukkale.

How to Get to Hierapolis Pamukkale By Bus

• Buses from major cities like Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya, and Ankara arrive at Denizli Bus Station.
• From Denizli, minibuses and taxis operate regular services to Pamukkale (a 20-minute ride).

How to Get to Hierapolis Pamukkale By Car

Visitors traveling by car can take the D585 highway to Denizli and follow signs to Pamukkale-Hierapolis. Parking is available near the South and North Gates of the site.

How to Get to Hierapolis Pamukkale By Train

There is a railway station in Denizli with connections to major cities like Izmir. From there, taxis or buses take visitors to Pamukkale and Hierapolis.

Key Attractions in Hierapolis Pamukkale

The Theater of Hierapolis

This massive Roman amphitheater was built in the 2nd century AD and remains one of the best-preserved theaters in Turkey. It features intricate carvings, VIP seating areas, and a panoramic view of Pamukkale’s terraces.

The Necropolis

One of the largest ancient cemeteries in Turkey, the Hierapolis Necropolis contains over 1,200 tombs and sarcophagi, belonging to different civilizations, including Greeks, Romans, and Christians.

Cleopatra’s Pool (Antique Pool)

Legend says Cleopatra once bathed in this pool, which remains a major attraction today. Visitors can swim among submerged Roman columns, believed to have fallen due to earthquakes.

The Plutonium (Gate to the Underworld)

One of Hierapolis’ most mystical sites, the Plutonium was believed to be an entrance to the Underworld. The site released deadly gases, and priests of Apollo were said to perform rituals involving animals sacrificed to Pluto.

St. Philip’s Martyrion

This octagonal church marks the location where St. Philip was executed. It became a major pilgrimage site for early Christians and remains a significant religious landmark.

Legends and Myths of Hierapolis Pamukkale

The Healing Powers of Hierapolis

The waters of Hierapolis were believed to cure illnesses. Ancient Romans and Greeks came seeking relief from arthritis, rheumatism, and skin conditions.

The Curse of the Plutonium

The Plutonium was considered a portal to the underworld, where only priests could enter without harm. Animals sacrificed here reportedly died instantly, reinforcing the myth that Pluto himself resided in Hierapolis.

Cleopatra’s Beauty Secret

Legend claims Cleopatra’s legendary beauty was due to her bathing in the mineral-rich waters of Hierapolis.

Why Visit Hierapolis Pamukkale?

A visit to Hierapolis Pamukkale offers a rare combination of natural beauty, history, and mythology. Whether you’re exploring the Roman theater, soaking in Cleopatra’s Pool, or discovering the mysterious Plutonium, Hierapolis provides a unique and unforgettable experience.

As one of Turkey’s most spectacular archaeological sites, Hierapolis is a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts, spiritual seekers, and nature lovers alike. If you’re traveling to Pamukkale, don’t miss the chance to walk through the ruins of this ancient city and experience the magic of a place where legends, history, and nature intertwine.